Skip to Main Content

Social Work Theories

Guide to locating information on social work theories

Concepts/Overview Ecological Theory

Ecological theory

  • Eco-map, address multiple factors in the environment
  • Focus on inter relational transactions between systems
  • Stresses that all existing elements within an ecosystem play an equal role in maintaining balance of the whole
  • This approach can be best understood as looking at persons, families, cultures, communities, and policies
  • Identify and intervene upon strengths and weaknesses in the transactional processes between these systems
  • In this framework the caseworker and client must understand the interconnectedness of the client to his or her environment to effectively assess the problem, design a solution and ensure goal achievement and sustainability.

Key Concepts

  • Ecological systems theory
  • Social networks
  • Social interaction
  • Ecosystems
  • Social structure research
  • Social groups—specific groups?—cultural, ethnic, racial, socio-economic?
  • Culture groups
  • Acculturation

Check with your instructor/textbook for additional concepts

Ecological Theory (2018)

Ecological Theory (Jan. 2018)

Bavarian, N., Sumstine, S., Cruz, S., Mendez, J., Schroeder, C., & Takeda, S. (2018). Confirming the prevalence, characteristics, and utility of ecological theory in explaining prescription stimulant misuse. Journal of Drug Issues, 48(1), 118-133. doi:10.1177/0022042617740910

Bogenschneider, K. (1996). An ecological Risk/protective theory for building prevention programs, policies, and community capacity to support youth. Family Relations, 45(2), 127-138. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=9605190471&site=ehost-live

Boxer, P., Rowell Huesmann, L., Dubow, E. F., Landau, S. F., Gvirsman, S. D., Shikaki, K., & Ginges, J. (2013). Exposure to violence across the social ecosystem and the development of aggression: A test of ecological theory in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Child Development, 84(1), 163-177. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01848.x

Campbell, R., Patterson, D., & Fehler-Cabral, G. (2010). Using ecological theory to evaluate the effectiveness of an indigenous community intervention: A study of sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE) programs. American Journal of Community Psychology, 46(3), 263-276. doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9339-4

Cross, W. E., & Cross, W. E.,Jr. (2017). Ecological factors in human development. Child Development, 88(3), 767-769. doi:10.1111/cdev.12784

Darling, N. (2007). Ecological systems theory: The person in the center of the circles. Research in Human Development, 4(3), 203-217. doi:10.1080/15427600701663023

Ewing, J. A. (2017). Hollow ecology: Ecological modernization theory and the death of nature. Journal of World-Systems Research, 23(1), 126-155. doi:10.5195/JWSR.2017.611

Fernandes, R., Osarch, S., Bell, C., Flynn, B., Nguyen, L., Abad, M., . . . Masaki, K. (2013). Aging and caregiving in the Republic of Palau. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 28(2), 167-180. doi:10.1007/s10823-013-9192-7

Frisbie, W. P., & Clarke, C. J. (1979). Technology in evolutionary and ecological perspective: Theory and measurement at the societal level. Social Forces, 58(2), 591-613. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=5298512&site=ehost-live

Golden, A. A., Bogan, Y., Brown, L., Onwukwe, O., & Stewart, S. (2017). Faculty mentoring: Applying ecological theory to practice at historically black colleges or universities. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 27(5), 487-497. doi:10.1080/10911359.2017.1279097

Gonzales-Backen, M. (2013). An application of ecological theory to ethnic identity formation among biethnic adolescents. Family Relations, 62(1), 92-108. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3729.2012.00749.x

Gonzalez, H., & Barnett, M. A. (2014). Romantic partner and biological father support: Associations with maternal distress in low-income Mexican-origin families. Family Relations, 63(3), 371-383. doi:10.1111/fare.12070

Guhn, M., & Goelman, H. (2011). Bioecological theory, early child development and the validation of the population-level early development instrument. Social Indicators Research, 103(2), 193-217. doi:10.1007/s11205-011-9842-5

Harvey, M. R., & Tummala-Narra, P. (2007). Sources and expression of resilience in trauma survivors: Ecological theory, muiticultural perspectives. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 14(1), 1-7. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=24772490&site=ehost-live

Hong, J., Algood, C., Chiu, Y., & Lee, S. (2011). An ecological understanding of kinship foster care in the United States. Journal of Child & Family Studies, 20(6), 863-872. doi:10.1007/s10826-011-9454-3

Humble, Á. M. (2016). “She didn't bat an eye”: Canadian same-sex wedding planning and support from the wedding industry. Journal of GLBT Family Studies, 12(3), 277-299. doi:10.1080/1550428X.2015.1065780

Johnson, R. R., & Olschansky, E. L. (2010). The ecological theory of police response: A state police agency test. Criminal Justice Studies, 23(2), 119-131. doi:10.1080/1478601X.2010.485465

Kasarda, J. D. (1972). The theory of ecological expansion: An empirical test. Social Forces, 51(2), 165-175. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=13572270&site=ehost-live

Kim, T., Flanagan, C. A., & Pykett, A. A. (2015). Adolescents’ civic commitments in stable and fledgling democracies: The role of family, school, and community. Research in Human Development, 12(1), 28-43. doi:10.1080/15427609.2015.1010344

Kubiak, S. P., Brenner, H., Bybee, D., Campbell, R., & Fedock, G. (2018). Reporting sexual victimization during incarceration: Using ecological theory as a framework to inform and guide future research. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 19(1), 94-106. doi:10.1177/1524838016637078

Lenski, G., & Nolan, P. D. (1984). Trajectories of development: A test of ecological-evolutionary theory. Social Forces, 63(1), 1-23. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=5283322&site=ehost-live

Maring, E. F., Malik, B. B., & Wallen, J. (2012). Drug abuse in India: Grounding research in ecological risk and resilience theory. Family & Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 41(2), 172-182. doi:10.1111/fcsr.12006

Marotta, S. A. (2002). An ecological view of attachment theory: Implications for counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(4), 507. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=8557462&site=ehost-live

Myer, R. A., & Moore, H. B. (2006). Crisis in context theory: An ecological model. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(2), 139-147. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=20463576&site=ehost-live

Neal, J. W., & Neal, Z. P. (2013). Nested or networked? future directions for ecological systems theory. Social Development, 22(4), 722-737. doi:10.1111/sode.12018

Neal, J., & Christens, B. (2014). Linking the levels: Network and relational perspectives for community psychology. American Journal of Community Psychology, 53(3), 314-323. doi:10.1007/s10464-014-9654-2

Ohmer, M. L. (2010). How theory and research inform citizen participation in poor communities: The ecological perspective and theories on self- and collective efficacy and sense of community. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 20(1), 1-19. doi:10.1080/10911350903126999

Paat, Y. (2013). Working with immigrant children and their families: An application of Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems theory. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 23(8), 954-966. doi:10.1080/10911359.2013.800007

Perry-Jenkins, M., & Wadsworth, S. M. (2017). Work and family research and theory: Review and analysis from an ecological perspective. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 9(2), 219-237. doi:10.1111/jftr.12188

Rosa, E. M., & Tudge, J. (2013). Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory of human development: Its evolution from ecology to bioecology. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 5(4), 243-258. doi:10.1111/jftr.12022

Sabri, B., Hong, J. S., Campbell, J. C., & Cho, H. (2013). Understanding children and adolescents’ victimizations at multiple levels: An ecological review of the literature. Journal of Social Service Research, 39(3), 322-334. doi:10.1080/01488376.2013.769835

Seaton, E. K., Neblett, E. W., Upton, R. D., Hammond, W. P., & Sellers, R. M. (2011). The moderating capacity of racial identity between perceived discrimination and psychological well-being over time among African American youth. Child Development, 82(6), 1850-1867. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01651.x

Shen-Miller, D., Isacco, A., Davies, J. A., Jean, M. S., & Phan, J. L. (2013). The men's center approach: Ecological interventions for college men's health. Journal of Counseling & Development, 91(4), 499-507. doi:10.1002/j.1556-6676.2013.00123.x

Tudge, J. R. H., Payir, A., Merçon-Vargas, E., Cao, H., Liang, Y., Li, J., & O'Brien, L. (2016). Still misused after all these years? A reevaluation of the uses of Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory of human development. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 8(4), 427-445. doi:10.1111/jftr.12165

Vila, B. J., & Cohen, L. E. (1993). Crime as strategy: Testing an evolutionary ecological theory of expropriative crime. American Journal of Sociology, 98(4), 873-912. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=9306166818&site=ehost-live

Wicks, R. H., & Warren, R. (2014). Modeling political consumerism among young consumers: An ecological systems approach. American Behavioral Scientist, 58(6), 738-754. doi:10.1177/0002764213515991

Williford, A., & DePaolis, K. J. (2012). Identifying predictors of instrumental and reactive aggression among low-income minority adolescent girls. Journal of the Society for Social Work & Research, 3(3), 145-161. doi:10.5243/jsswr.2012.10

Zhu, X., & Lu, C. (2017). Re-evaluation of the new ecological paradigm scale using item response theory. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 54, 79-90. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.10.005