LibGuides: Social Work Theories: Empowerment Theory

Empowerment Theory

References

Andrews, A. B., Motes, P. S., Floyd, A. G., Flerx, V. C., & Fede, A. L. (2005). Building evaluation capacity in community-based organizations: Reflections of an empowerment evaluation team. Journal of Community Practice, 13(4), 85-104.

Baffour, T. D. C.,Jill M. (2012). Do empowerment strategies facilitate knowledge and behavioral change? the impact of family health advocacy on health outcomes. Social Work in Public Health, 27(5), 507.

Baines, D. (2008). Race, resistance, and restructuring: Emerging skills in the new social services. Social Work, 53(2), 123-131.

Balcazar, F. E., & Taylor-Ritzler, T. (2009). Perspectives of vocational rehabilitation counselors on the factors related to employment outcomes of racial and ethnic minorities with disabilities. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 8(3), 102-116.

Becker, J., Kovach, A. C., & Gronseth, D. L. (2004). Individual empowerment: How community health workers operationalize self-determination, self-sufficiency, and decision-making abilities of low-income mothers. Journal of Community Psychology, 32(3), 327-342.

Browne, C. V. (1995). Empowerment in social work practice with older women. Social Work, 40(3), 358.

Bundy-Fazioli, K., Briar-Lawson, K., & Hardiman, E. R. (2009). A qualitative examination of power between child welfare workers and parents. British Journal of Social Work, 39(8), 1447-1464.

Bush, I. R. (2004). An examination of five essential competencies for empowerment practice. Journal of Baccalaureate Social Work, 9(2), 47-62.

Caple, F. S., Salcido, R. M., & di, C. J. (1995). Engaging effectively with culturally diverse families and children. Social Work in Education, 17(3), 159-170.

Caputo, R. K. (1995). Gender and race: Employment opportunity and the american economy, 1969$1991. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 76(4), 239-247.

Ching, M. L. (2010). From "dependent generation" to a reflection on family education. Journal of Youth Studies (10297847), 13(1), 149-155.

Cleary, T. J., & Zimmerman, B. J. (2004). Self-regulation empowerment program: A school-based program to enhance self-regulated and self-motivated cycles of student learning. Psychology in the Schools, 41(5), 537-550.

Clossey, LaureneMehnert,KevinSilva, Sara. (2011). Using appreciative inquiry to facilitate implementation of the recovery model in mental health agencies. Health & Social Work, 36(4), 259.

Doe, S. S. (2004). Spirituality-based social work values for empowering human service organizations. Journal of Religion & Spirituality in Social Work, 23(3), 45-66.

Dreikosen, D. (2009). Radical social work: A call to link arms. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 20(2), 107-109.

Everett, J. E., Homstead, K., & Drisko, J. (2007). Frontline worker perceptions of the empowerment process in community-based agencies. Social Work, 52(2), 161-170.

Fenge, L. (2010). Striving towards inclusive research: An example of participatory action research with older lesbians and gay men. British Journal of Social Work, 40(3), 878-894.

Fisher, P., & Owen, J. (2008). Empowering interventions in health and social care: Recognition through ‘ecologies of practice’. Social Science & Medicine, 67(12), 2063-2071.

Freeman, E. M., & Dyer, L. (1993). High-risk children and adolescents: Family and community environments. Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services, 74(7), 422-431.

Garcia-Reid, P., & Reid, R. J. (2009). Finding our voices: Empowering latino students through partnerships with school social workers. School Social Work Journal, 33(2), 57-69.

Goodkind, S. (2009). 'You can be anything you want, but you have to believe it': Commercialized feminism in gender-specific programs for girls. Signs, 34(2), 397-422.

Gutiérrez, L. M. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social Work, 35(2), 149.

Gutierrez, L., M. (1990). Working with women of color: An empowerment perspective. Social Work, 35(2), 149-153.

Gutierrez, L., GlenMaye, L., & DeLois, K. (1995). The organizational context of empowerment practice: Implications for social work administration. Social Work, 40(2), 49-58.

Hardina, D., Salvador. (2011). Empowering staff and clients: Comparing preferences for management models by the professional degrees held by organization administrators. Social Work, 56(3), 247.

Hargrove, P. (2006). Social work practice with Mexican clients: Service provision with illegal entrants to the United States. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 6(2), 61-76.

Hong, P. Y. P., Sheriff, V. A., & Naeger, S. R. (2009). A bottom-up definition of self-sufficiency: Voices from low-income jobseekers. Qualitative Social Work, 8(3), 357-376.

Itzhaky, H., & Bustin, E. (2002). Strengths and pathological perspectives in community social work. Journal of Community Practice, 10(3), 61-73.

Jönsson, J. H. (2010). Beyond empowerment: Changing local communities. International Social Work, 53(3), 393-406.

Kaplan, S. J., Skolnik, L., & Turnbull, A. (2009). Enhancing the empowerment of youth in foster care: Supportive services. Child Welfare, 88(1), 133-161.

Karoll , B. R. (2010). Applying social work approaches, harm reduction, and practice wisdom to better serve those with alcohol and drug use disorders. Journal of Social Work, 10(3), 263-281.

Keller, S. M., & Helton, L. R. (2010). Culturally competent approaches for counseling urban appalachian clients: An exploratory case study. Journal of Social Service Research, 36(2), 142-150.

Kondrat, M. E. (1995). Concept, act, and interest in professional practice: Implications of an empowerment perspective. Social Service Review, 69(3), 405-428.

Kooden, H. (1994). The gay male therapist as an agent of socialization. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Psychotherapy, 2(2), 39-64.

Lee, J. A. B. (1988). Group work with the poor and oppressed. introduction: Return to our roots. Social Work with Groups, 11(4), 5-9.

McLaren, H. (2007). Exploring the ethics of forewarning: Social workers, confidentiality and potential child abuse disclosures. Ethics & Social Welfare, 1(1), 22-40.

Molloy, J. K. (2007). Photovoice as a tool for social justice workers. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 18(2), 39-55

Parrott, L., & Madoc-Jones, I. (2008). Reclaiming information and communication technologies for empowering social work practice. Journal of Social Work, 8(2), 181-197.

Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569-579.

Roer, C. D. (2009). Biography work: Reflections on reconstructive social work. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(2), 185-199.

Rose, W., Aldgate, J., McIntosh, M., & Hunter, H. (2009). High-risk children with challenging behaviour: Changing directions for them and their families. Child & Family Social Work, 14(2), 178-188.

Sakamoto, I., Chin, M., Chapra, A., & Ricciardi, J. (2009). A 'normative' homeless woman?: Marginalisation, emotional injury and social support of transwomen experiencing homelessness. Gay & Lesbian Issues & Psychology Review, 5(1), 2-19.

Schamess, G. (2006). Therapeutic processes in clinical supervision. Clinical Social Work Journal, 34(4), 427-445.

Siu-ming To. (2009). Conceptualizing empowerment in youth work: A qualitative analysis of Hong Kong school social workers' experiences in generating empowering practices. International Journal of Adolescence & Youth, 15(3), 257-276.

Soliman, H. H., & Miah, M. R. (2011). An educational empowerment practice model for social workers involved in relief services for refugee populations. Social Development Issues, 33(2), 74-87.

Song, L. (2011). The extent and correlates of the utilisation of empowerment strategies: A survey of social workers in the field of partner violence. British Journal of Social Work, 41(6), 1016-1037.

Stanley, T. (2010). 'Child in need' plans: Tools for family empowerment. Practice (09503153), 22(3), 155-165.

Staub-Bernasconi, S. (1991). Social action, empowerment and social work — an integrative theoretical framework for social work and social work with groups. Social Work with Groups, 14(3), 35-51.

Strier, R. (2010). Women, poverty, and the microenterprise: Context and discourse. Gender, Work & Organization, 17(2), 195-218.

Taylor, M., Sauer, J., Hewitt, A., O'Nell, S., Larson, S., & Minnesota Univ, Minneapolis Research and Training Center on,Community Living. (2001). The peer empowerment program (PEP): A complete toolkit for planning and implementing mentoring programs within community-based human service organizations Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu:80/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED457639&site=ehost-live

Tolleson Knee, R., Jeff. (2012). Bridging the crevasse between direct practice social work and management by increasing the transferability of core skills. Administration in Social Work, 36(4), 390.

Tuncay, T., & Erbay, E. (2008). Primary objective of social work: Social justice from rhetoric to practice through empowerment. Socialinis Darbas, 7(3), 87-95

Waites, C. (2009). Building on strengths: Intergenerational practice with African American families. Social Work, 54(3), 278-287.

Weatherall, K., & Duffy, J. (2008). Are we listening to children? an examination of the child's voice in social work reports to the court following parental separation disputes. Child Care in Practice, 14(3), 275-292.

Wright, K. N., & Wooden, C. (2012). A qualitative assessment of a parent-developed, parent-run program to prevent teenage pregnancy. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 22(1), 85-100.

Yellow Bird, M. J., & Chenault, V. (1999). The role of social work in advancing the practice of indigenous education: Obstacles and promises in empowerment-oriented social work practice Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu:80/login.aspx?direct=true&db=eric&AN=ED427911&site=ehost-live

Zimmerman, M. A. (1990). Toward a theory of learned hopefulness - a structural model analysis of participation and empowerment. Journal of Research in Personality, 24(1), 71-86.

Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581-599.

Zimmerman, M. A., Israel, B. A., Schulz, A., & Checkoway, B. (1992). Further explorations in empowerment theory - an empirical-analysis of psychological empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 20(6), 707-727.

Zimmerman, M. A., & Rappaport, J. (1988). Citizen participation, perceived control, and psychological empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 16(5), 725-750.

Zimmerman, M. A., & Warschausky, S. (1998). Empowerment theory for rehabilitation research: Conceptual and methodological issues. Rehabilitation Psychology, 43(1), 3-16.

Theories 2

References

Abel, E. M., & Greco, M. (2008). A preliminary evaluation of an abstinence-oriented empowerment program for public school youth. Research on Social Work Practice, 18(3), 223-230. doi:10.1177/1049731507308990

Aiyer, S. M., Zimmerman, M. A., Morrel-Samuels, S., & Reischl, T. M. (2015). From broken windows to busy streets: A community empowerment perspective. Health Education & Behavior, 42(2), 137-147. doi:10.1177/1090198114558590

Al Wazni, A. B. (2015). Muslim women in america and hijab: A study of empowerment, feminist identity, and body image. Social Work, 60(4), 325-333. doi:10.1093/sw/swv033

Alex Wagaman, M. (2016). Promoting empowerment among lgbtq youth: A social justice youth development approach. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, doi:10.1007/s10560-016-0435-7

ALEX WAGAMAN, ,M. (2015). Changing ourselves, changing the world: Assessing the value of participatory action research as an empowerment-based research and service approach with LGBTQ young people. Child & Youth Services, 36(2), 124-149. doi:10.1080/0145935X.2014.1001064

Andersen, M. L. (2016). Who is in need of empowerment? social work and young people with ADHD. Social Work Review / Revista De Asistenta Sociala, 15(2), 109-122. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=116705105&site=ehost-live

Andrews, A. B., Guadalupe, J. L., & Bolden, E. (2003). Faith, hope and mutual support: Paths to empowerment as perceived by women in poverty. Journal of Social Work Research and Evaluation, 4(1), 5-18. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2003-05050-004&site=ehost-live

Aytar, O., & Brunnberg, E. (2016). Empowering unaccompanied children in everyday life in a new country. A resilience support centre in sweden evaluated from the perspective of program theory. Social Work Review / Revista De Asistenta Sociala, 15(2), 35-56. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=sih&AN=116705101&site=ehost-live

Baines, D. (2008). Race, resistance, and restructuring: Emerging skills in the new social services. Social Work, 53(2), 123-131. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=57601&site=ehost-live

Bartle, E. E., Couchonnal, G., Canda, E. R., & Staker, M. D. (2002). Empowerment as a dynamically developing concept for practice: Lessons learned from organizational ethnography. Social Work, 47(1), 32-43. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=43230&site=ehost-live

Bartram, T., Karimi, L., Leggat, S. G., & Stanton, P. (2014). Social identification: Linking high performance work systems, psychological empowerment and patient care. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(17), 2401-2419. doi:10.1080/09585192.2014.880152

Bay-Cheng, L., Lewis, A. E., Stewart, A. J., & Malley, J. E. (2006). Disciplining 'girl talk': The paradox of empowerment in a feminist mentorship program. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 13(2), 73-92. doi:10.1300/J137v13n02_05

Boehm, A., & Boehm, E. (2003). Community theatre as a means of empowerment in social work: A case study of women's community theatre. Journal of Social Work, 3(3), 283-300. doi:10.1177/146801730333002

Browne, C. V. (1995). Empowerment in social work practice with older women. Social Work, 40(3), 358-364. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1995-41628-001&site=ehost-live

Bulanda, J., & Byro Johnson, T. (2016). A trauma-informed model for empowerment programs targeting vulnerable youth. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal, 33(4), 303-312. doi:10.1007/s10560-015-0427-z

Busch, N. B., & Valentine, D. (2000). Empowerment practice: A focus on battered women. AFFILIA Journal of Women & Social Work, 15(1), 82-95. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=40827&site=ehost-live

Chadiha, L. A., Adams, P., Biegel, D. E., Auslander, W., & Gutierrez, L. (2004). Empowering african american women informal caregivers: A literature synthesis and practice strategies. Social Work, 49(1), 97-108. doi:10.1093/sw/49.1.97

Cowger, C. D. (1994). Assessing client strengths: Clinical assessment for client empowerment. Social Work, 39(3), 262-268. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1994-46567-001&site=ehost-live

Cox, C. (2014). Personal and community empowerment for grandparent caregivers. Journal of Family Social Work, 17(2), 162-174. doi:10.1080/10522158.2014.880824

Davis, J. K. (2010). Voting as empowerment practice. American Journal of Psychiatric Rehabilitation, 13(4), 243-257. doi:10.1080/15487768.2010.523352

de Sayu, R. P., & Chanmugam, A. (2016). Perceptions of empowerment within and across partnerships in community-based participatory research: A dyadic interview analysis. Qualitative Health Research, 26(1), 105-116. doi:10.1177/1049732315577606

East, J. F., & Roll, S. J. (2015). Women, poverty, and trauma: An empowerment practice approach. Social Work, 60(4), 279-286. doi:10.1093/sw/swv030

Everett, J. E., Homstead, K., & Drisko, J. (2007). Frontline worker perceptions of the empowerment process in community-based agencies. Social Work, 52(2), 161-170. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=56121&site=ehost-live

Farber, M. L. Z., & Maharaj, R. (2005). Empowering high-risk families of children with disabilities. Research on Social Work Practice, 15(6), 501-515. doi:10.1177/1049731505276412

Gaiswinkler, W., & Roessler, M. (2009). Using the expertise of knowing and the expertise of not-knowing to support processes of empowerment in social work practice. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(2), 215-227. doi:10.1080/02650530902923874

Gibson, C. M. (1993). Empowerment theory and practice with adolescents of color in the child welfare system. Families in Society, 74(7), 387-396. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=31772&site=ehost-live

Graves, K. N., & Shelton, T. L. (2007). Family empowerment as a mediator between family-centered systems of care and changes in child functioning: Identifying an important mechanism of change. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(4), 556-566. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=56599&site=ehost-live

Gray, M., & Bernstein, A. (1994). Pavement people and informal communities: Lessons for social work. International Social Work, 37(2), 149-163. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=30370&site=ehost-live

Gutiérrez, L., GlenMaye, L., & DeLois, K. (1995). The organizational context of empowerment practice: Implications for social work administration. Social Work, 40(2), 249-258. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=1996-90336-001&site=ehost-live

Gutierrez, L. M. (1995). Understanding the empowerment process: Does consciousness make a difference? Social Work Research, 19(4), 229-237. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=32024&site=ehost-live

Gutierrez, L. M., DeLois, K. A., & GlenMaye, L. (1995). Understanding empowerment practice: Building on practitioner-based knowledge. Families in Society, 76(9), 534-542. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=32247&site=ehost-live

Hetling, A., & Postmus, J. (2014). Financial literacy and economic empowerment of survivors of intimate partner violence: Examining the differences between public assistance recipients and nonrecipients. Journal of Poverty, 18(2), 130-149. doi:10.1080/10875549.2014.896308

Houston, S. (2016). Empowering the ‘shamed’ self: Recognition and critical social work. Journal of Social Work, 16(1), 3-21. doi:10.1177/1468017314566789

Hung, S. L. (2012). An empowerment model on reconstituting the meanings of divorce. Affilia: Journal of Women & Social Work, 27(3), 289-299. doi:10.1177/0886109912452641

Hyduk, C. A., & Moxley, D. (1997). A personal advocacy model for serving older adults. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 28(4), 75-90. doi:10.1300/J083v28n04_06

Jager, K. B., & Carolan, M. T. (2010). The influence of trauma on women’s empowerment within the family-based services context. Qualitative Social Work: Research and Practice, 9(2), 267-283. doi:10.1177/1473325009361006

Jones, A. L. E., & Mattingly, K. (2016). Empowerment, social justice, and feminist self-defense: The benefits of incorporating embodied empowerment skills in social work practice. Affilia: Journal of Women & Social Work, 31(2), 263-270. doi:10.1177/0886109916634164

Kondrat, D. C., & Teater, B. (2009). An anti-stigma approach to working with persons with severe mental disability: Seeking real change through narrative change. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(1), 35-47. doi:10.1080/02650530902723308

Lawson, H. A. (2005). Empowering people, facilitating community development, and contributing to sustainable development: The social work of sport, exercise, and physical education programs. Sport, Education and Society, 10(1), 135-160. doi:10.1080/1357332052000308800

Lee, J. A. B. (1988). Group work with the poor and oppressed. introduction: Return to our roots. Social Work with Groups, 11(4), 5-9. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=20823&site=ehost-live

Leung, L. (2005). Empowering women in social work practice: A hong kong case. International Social Work, 48(4), 429-439. doi:10.1177/0020872805053467

Manning, M. C., Cornelius, L. J., & Okundaye, J. N. (2004). Empowering african americans through social work practice: Integrating an afrocentric perspective, ego psychology and spirituality. Families in Society, 85(2), 229-235. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2004-16410-011&site=ehost-live

Martinez-Brawley, E., & Zorita, P. M. -. (2007). Language, identity and empowerment: The case of spanish in the southwest. Journal of Ethnic & Cultural Diversity in Social Work: Innovation in Theory, Research & Practice, 15(1-2), 81-95. doi:10.1300/J051v15n01_04

Mowbray, C. T., Lewandowski, L., Holter, M., & Bybee, D. (2006). The clubhouse as an empowering setting. Health & Social Work, 31(3), 167-179. doi:10.1093/hsw/31.3.167

Natland, S., & Celik, H. D. (2015). Service users' self-narratives on their journey from shame to pride: Tales of transition. Journal of Evidence-Informed Social Work, 12(1), 50-63. doi:10.1080/15433714.2014.954943

O'Brien, P. (2001). Claiming our soul: An empowerment group for african-american women in prison. Journal of Progressive Human Services, 12(1), 35-51. doi:10.1300/J059v12n01_04

Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569.

Pistella, C. L. Y., Bonati, F. A., & Mihalic, S. L. (2000). Rural women's perceptions of community prenatal care systems: An empowerment strategy. Journal of Health & Social Policy, 11(4), 75-87. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=39304&site=ehost-live

Reed, P., & Butler, T. (2015). Flipping the script: When service-learning recipients become service-learning givers. Theory into Practice, 54(1), 55-62. doi:10.1080/00405841.2015.977663

Sakamoto, I., & Pitner, R. O. (2005). Use of critical consciousness in anti-oppressive social work practice: Disentangling power dynamics at personal and structural levels. British Journal of Social Work, 35(4), 435-452. doi:10.1093/bjsw/bch190

Skegg, A. (2005). Human rights and social work: A western imposition or empowerment to the people? International Social Work, 48(5), 667-672. doi:10.1177/0020872805055334

Smallwood, S., Freedman, D., Pitner, R., Sharpe, P., Cole, J., Hastie, S., & Hunter, B. (2015). Implementing a community empowerment center to build capacity for developing, implementing, and sustaining interventions to promote community health. Journal of Community Health, 40(6), 1122-1129. doi:10.1007/s10900-015-0038-9

Smith, N. A. (2006). Empowering the 'unfit' mother: Increasing empathy, redefining the label. AFFILIA Journal of Women & Social Work, 21(4), 448-457. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=52619&site=ehost-live

Thompson, N., & Thompson, S. (2001). Empowering older people: Beyond the care model. Journal of Social Work, 1(1), 61-76. doi:10.1177/146801730100100105

To, S. (2007). Empowering school social work practices for positive youth development: Hong kong experience. Adolescence, 42(167), 555-567. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=psyh&AN=2007-17633-007&site=ehost-live

Wallach, V. A., & Mueller, C. W. (2006). Job characteristics and organizational predictors of psychological empowerment among paraprofessionals within human service organizations: An exploratory study. Administration in Social Work, 30(1), 95-115. doi:10.1300/J147v30n01_06

Whiteside, M., Tsey, K., McCalman, J., Cadet, J. Y., & Wilson, A. (2006). Empowerment as a framework for indigenous workforce development and organisational change. Australian Social Work, 59(4), 422-434. Retrieved from http://0-search.ebscohost.com.bravecat.uncp.edu/login.aspx?direct=true&db=swh&AN=56021&site=ehost-live

Whiteside, M., Tsey, K., & Earles, W. (2011). Locating empowerment in the context of indigenous australia. Australian Social Work, 64(1), 113-129. doi:10.1080/0312407X.2010.533279

Yip, K. (2004). The empowerment model: A critical reflection of empowerment in chinese culture. Social Work, 49(3), 479-487. doi:10.1093/sw/49.3.479